The International Observatory on Vulnerable People In data protection
Resources
Disclaimer: The resources are arranged per thematic sections to facilitate the consultation. However, we are aware of the intersections and overlaps thereof. And that AI is generating new categories outside the traditional ones. We are also aware that pre-identifying categories of vulnerable people in data processing is not possible, vulnerability being a largely contextual and elusive concept. We are not claiming to be exhaustive, but to initiate a discussion.
Do you have any suggestions as to how improve the repository? Have you come across any resource that should be included in the repository? Contact us.
Women
- Academic writings
Abu-Laban, Y. (2015). Gendering Surveillance Studies: The Empirical and Normative Promise of Feminist Methodology, Surveillance & Society, 13(1), 44-56. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v13i1.5163
Allen, A. L. (2000). Gender and Privacy in Cyberspace. Faculty Scholarship at Penn Law. 789. https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1788&context=faculty_scholarship
Bodin de Moraes, M. C. (2010). Vulnerabilidades nas relações de família: o problema da desigualdade de gênero. Cadernos da Escola Judicial do TRT da 4ª Região (2)3, 20-33. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12178/185767
Buolamwini, J. and Gebru, T. (2018). Gender Shades. Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification, Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency (PMLR), 81, 77-91. https://proceedings.mlr.press/v81/buolamwini18a.html
Carter, L. (2021). Prescripted living: gender stereotypes and data-based surveillance in the UK welfare state. Internet Policy Review, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.14763/2021.4.1593
Hampton, L. M. (2021). Black Feminist Musings on Algorithmic Oppression, Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency. https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445929
Criado-Perez, C. (2019). Invisible Women: Data Bias in a World Designed for Men. https://carolinecriadoperez.com/book/invisible-women/
D’Ignazio, C., & Klein, L. F. (2019). Data Feminism. https://data-feminism.mitpress.mit.edu/
Malgieri, G., & Fuster, G.G. (2021). The Vulnerable Data Subject: A Gendered Data Subject? SSRN Electronic Journal. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3913249
Jarrett, K. (2016). Feminism, labour and digital media: The digital housewife. New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 9781315720111
Kadiri, A.P.L. (2021). Data and Afrofuturism: an emancipated subject?. Internet Policy Review, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.14763/2021.4.1597
Kang’ara, S., & King’ori, M. (2020). Data Protection & Privacy: A Gender Perspective. In KICTANet Policy Brief (Issue July). https://doi.org/10.5040/9780755620074.ch-011
Khoo, C. et. al. (2019). Installing Fear A Canadian Legal and Policy Analysis of Using, Developing, and Selling Smartphone Spyware and Stalkerware Applications https://citizenlab.ca/2019/06/installing-fear-a-canadian-legal-and-policy-analysis-of-using-developing-and-selling-smartphone-spyware-and-stalkerware-applications/
Ni Loideain, N. & Adams, R. (2018). From Alexa to Siri and the GDPR: The Gendering of Virtual Personal Assistants and the Role of EU Data Protection Law. King’s College London Dickson Poon School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper Series. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3281807
McEwen, K.D. (2018). Self-Tracking Practices and Digital (Re)Productive Labour, Philosophy & Technology 31, 235-251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-017-0282-2
Parson, C. et al. (2019). The Predator in Your Pocket: A Multidisciplinary Assessment of the Stalkerware Application Industry. https://citizenlab.ca/docs/stalkerware-holistic.pdf
Peña, P. and Varon, J. (2019). Consent to our Data Bodies. Lessons from feminist theories to enforce data protection. Developed by Coding Rights. Available at: https://codingrights.org/docs/ConsentToOurDataBodies.pdf.
Siapka, A. & Biasin, E. (2021). Bleeding data: the case of fertility and menstruation tracking apps. Internet Policy Review, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.14763/2021.4.1599
Sørum, H., Eg, R., & Presthus, W. (2022). A Gender Perspective on GDPR and Information Privacy. Procedia Computer Science, 196, 175-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.12.003
Theilen, J. T. & Baur, A. & Bieker, F. & Ammicht Quinn, R. & Hansen, M. & González Fuster, G. (2021). Feminist data protection: an introduction. Internet Policy Review, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.14763/2021.4.1609
Weinberg, L. (2017). Rethinking Privacy: A Feminist Approach to Privacy Rights after Snowden. Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture, 12(3), 5-20. https://doi.org/10.16997/wpcc.258
Woods, H.S. (2018). Asking more of Siri and Alexa: feminine persona in service of surveillance capitalism. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 35, 334 – 349. DOI:10.1080/15295036.2018.1488082
- NGO Reports
ACLU (2022) In Big Win, Settlement Ensures Clearview AI Complies With Groundbreaking Illinois Biometric Privacy Law https://www.aclu-il.org/en/
Privacy International (2022). Privacy and Sexual and Reproductive Health in the Post-Roe world. https://privacyinternational.org/long-read/4937/privacy-and-sexual-and-reproductive-health-post-roe-world
- Data Protection Authorities' Guidance
Belgian DPA decision No 4/2021. https://www.autoriteprotectiondonnees.be/publications/decision-quant-au-fond-n-04-2021.pdf
- Laws
- Case Law
European Court of Human Rights
Avram and Others v. Moldova (Third Section) 41588/05 2011 https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-105468
Khadija Ismayilova v. Azerbaijan (Fifth Section) 65286/13 and 57270/14) 2019 https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-188993
Buturuga v. Romania (Fourth Section) 56867/15 2020 Official Language in French: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-200842 Unofficial English Translation: In pp. 374-376 https://rm.coe.int/new-caselaw-06-2021/1680a2fc58
- Policy documents
UNESCO (2020). Artificial intelligence and gender equality: key findings of UNESCO’s Global Dialogue. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000374174
Amnesty International & Access Now (2018). The Toronto Declaration: Protecting the right to equality and non-discrimination in machine learning systems. https://www.torontodeclaration.org/community/creators/
Advisory Committee on equal opportunities for women and men (2020). Opinion on Intersectionality in Gender Equality Laws, Policies and Practices. https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/expert-groups-register/screen/expert-groups/consult?lang=en&groupID=1238
United Nations General Assembly Resolution (2018). The right to privacy in the digital age, https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/73/179
- Global Developments
World Wide Web Foundation (2018) Artificial Intelligence: open questions about gender inclusion http://webfoundation.org/docs/2018/06/AI-Gender.pdf
522 Resolution on the Protection of Women Against Digital Violence in Africa – ACHPR/Res. 522 (LXXII) 2022 https://www.achpr.org/sessions/resolutions?id=558
3 October 2022. The Regional Harmonized and Standardized Data Collection Toolkit is critical in addressing Violence Against Women and Girls. https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20221003/regional-harmonized-and-standardized-data-collection-toolkit-critical
4 Octubre 2022. La AEPD y Mujeres en el Sector Público firman un protocolo para potenciar la presencia de la mujer en el entorno tecnológico. https://www.aepd.es/es/prensa-y-comunicacion/notas-de-prensa/aepd-y-mujeres-en-el-sector-publico-firman-protocolo
- Others
Morrison, S. (2022). Should I delete my period app? And other post-Roe privacy questions. https://www.vox.com/recode/2022/7/6/23196809/period-apps-roe-dobbs-data-privacyabortion
Packer-Tursman, J. (2022). Concerns mount over accuracy of online abortion information, privacy of searches.: https://www.upi.com/Health_News/2022/07/01/Internet-abortioninformation-Internet-online/7831656609505/
Popli, N. & Bergengruen, V. (2022). Lawmakers Scramble to Reform Digital Privacy After Roe Reversal. https://time.com/6193224/abortion-privacy-data-reform/