The International Observatory on Vulnerable People In data protection
Resources
Disclaimer: The resources are arranged per thematic sections to facilitate the consultation. However, we are aware of the intersections and overlaps thereof. And that AI is generating new categories outside the traditional ones. We are also aware that pre-identifying categories of vulnerable people in data processing is not possible, vulnerability being a largely contextual and elusive concept. We are not claiming to be exhaustive, but to initiate a discussion.
Do you have any suggestions as to how improve the repository? Have you come across any resource that should be included in the repository? Contact us.
Migrants, people on move & and non-citizens
- Academic writings
Achiume, E. (2021). Digital Racial Borders. AJIL Unbound, 115, 333-338. https://doi:10.1017/aju.2021.52
Bircan, T., & Korkmaz, E. E. (2021). Big data for whose sake? Governing migration through artificial intelligence. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8(1), 1-5.
Brouwer, E. (2020). Large-scale databases and interoperability in migration and border policies: The Non-Discriminatory Approach of Data Protection. European Public Law, 26(1), 92. https://doi.org/10.54648/euro2020005
González Fuster, G., & Gutwirth, S. (2011). When “Digital Borders” Meet “Surveilled Geographical Borders”: Why the Future of EU Border Management is a Problem. In P. Burgess & S. Gutwirth (Eds.), A Threat Against Europe? Security, Migration and Integration (pp. 171–190). VUBPRESS. http://works.bepress.com/serge_gutwirth/56/
Gugliotta, L., & Elbi, A. (2023, March). Will AI ‘subtly’ take over decision-making in the EU migration context? Warnings and lessons from ETIAS and VIS. In EULEN Conference on AI Systems and EU Law Enforcement-Between Effectiveness and the Rule of Law, Date: 2023/03/23-2023/03/24, Location: Toledo.
Hayes, B. (2017). Migration and data protection: Doing no harm in an age of mass displacement, mass surveillance and “big data”, International Review of the Red Cross 99, 179-209. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383117000637
Molnar, P. (2022). Territorial and Digital Borders and Migrant Vulnerability Under a Pandemic Crisis. In: Triandafyllidou, A. (eds) Migration and Pandemics. IMISCOE Research Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81210-2_3
Molnar, P. (2020). Technological Testing Grounds – Migration Management Experiments and Reflections from the Ground Up. https://edri.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Technological-Testing-Grounds.pdf
Meier, P. (2011). New Information Technologies and Their Impact on the Humanitarian Sector, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 93, No. 884, pp. 1239 – 1263 https://www.icrc.org/fr/doc/resources/international-review/review-884/review-884-all.pdf
Nalbandian, L. (2022). An eye for an ‘I:’a critical assessment of artificial intelligence tools in migration and asylum management. Comparative Migration Studies, 10(1), 1-23.
Quintel, T. (2018). Connecting Personal Data of Third Country Nationals: Interoperability of EU Databases in the Light of the CJEU’s Case Law on Data Retention. University of Luxembourg Law Working Paper, 2. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3132506
Stachowitsch, S., & Sachseder, J. (2019). The gendered and racialized politics of risk analysis. The case of Frontex. Critical Studies on Security, 7(2), 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/21624887.2019.1644050
- NGO Reports & Articles
Statewatch & PICUM. (2019). Data Protection, Immigration Enforcement and Fundamental Rights: What the EU’s Regulations on Interoperability Mean for People with Irregular Status https://www.statewatch.org/media/documents/analyses/Data-Protection-Immigration-Enforcement-and-Fundamental-Rights-Full-Report-EN.pdf
Access Now, European Digital Rights (EDRi), Migration and Technology Monitor, the Platform for International Cooperation on Undocumented Migrants (PICUM) and Statewatch. (2021). Uses of AI in migration and border control: A fundamental rights approach to the Artificial Intelligence Act. https://edri.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Migration_2-pager-02052022-for-online.pdf
Naranjo, D., & Molnar, P. (2020) The Privatization of Migration Control. Retrieved from https://www.cigionline.org/articles/privatization-migration-control/
Open Rights Group (2020) Immigration, Data And Technology: Needs And Capacities Of The Immigration Sector https://www.openrightsgroup.org/app/uploads/2020/11/Immigration-Data-and-Technology-Needs-and-Capacities-of-the-Immigration-Sector.pdf
Privacy International (n/a). Protecting migrants at borders and beyond https://privacyinternational.org/protecting-migrants-borders-and-beyond
Rodelli, C. (2022). The EU AI Act: How to (truly) protect people on the move https://www.accessnow.org/eu-ai-act-migration/
- Data Protection Authorities' Guidance
Gov.UK. (2022). Immigration exemption policy document : data protection legislation. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/immigration-exemption-policy-document-iepd/immigration-exemption-policy-document-data-protection-legislation-accessible-version.
- Laws
- Case Law
Court of Justice of the European Union
YS v. Minister voor Immigratie, Integratie en Asiel, and Minister voor Immigratie, Integratie en Asiel v M and S (Third Section) ECLI:EU:C:2014:2081 2014 https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?docid=155114&doclang=EN
National
Open Rights Group & Anor, R v. The Secretary of State for the Home Department & Anor Court of Appeal (Civil Division) Appeal No: C1/2019/2726/QBACF Neutral Citation Number: [2021] EWCA Civ 800 2021 https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2021/800.html
- National
Open Rights Group & Anor, R v. The Secretary of State for the Home Department & Anor Court of Appeal (Civil Division) Appeal No: C1/2019/2726/QBACF Neutral Citation Number: [2021] EWCA Civ 800 2021 https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2021/800.html
- Policy documents
EMN-OECD (2022). The Use of Digitalisation and Artificial Intelligence in Migration Management. https://www.oecd.org/migration/mig/EMN-OECD-INFORM-FEB-2022-The-use-of-Digitalisation-and-AI-in-Migration-Management.pdfEuropean Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (2018). Preventing unlawful profiling today and in the future: a guide. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2811/801635
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (2018). Under watchful eyes: biometrics, EU IT systems and fundamental rights. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2811/29
ICRC Rules on Personal Data Protection https://shop.icrc.org/icrc-rules-on-personal-data-protection-pdf-en.html
Hennebry, J., H. KC and K. Williams, 2021. Gender and Migration Data: A Guide for Evidence-based, Gender-responsive Migration Governance. International Organization for Migration (IOM). https://publications.iom.int/books/gender-and-migration-data-guide-evidence-based-gender-responsive-migration-governance
- Global Developments
Africa Migration Data Network (AMDN) https://gmdac.iom.int/africa-migration-data-network-amdn
Aljazeera (29 August 2022). In Cameroon, refugees get a new lease of life with digital IDs. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/29/in-cameroon-refugees-get-a-new-lease-of-life-with-digital-ids